Diseño de una secuencia didáctica para la comprensión lectora de textos narrativos en estudiantes de grado octavo de EBS

La presente investigación tiene como propósito presentar el diseño de una secuencia didáctica para el fortalecimiento de la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de grado octavo. Se sustenta en una serie de actividades formuladas de acuerdo a los presupuestos teóricos de Anna Camps, las cuales, además, parten del estudio del texto narrativo cuentos que ponen la piel de gallina, enmarcado en el modelo comunicativo social, para propiciar el desarrollo de unas competencias de comprensión e interpretación textual. Asimismo, para llevar a cabo esta propuesta investigativa se hace uso de diferentes referentes teóricos relativos a los lineamientos curriculares, los estándares básicos de competencias, los derechos básicos de aprendizaje (DBA) y demás postulados del Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN)

Fortalecimiento del servicio y atención al cliente mediante un manual, para el personal administrativo de la empresa municipal de agua potable y alcantarillado de Otavalo

La Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Otavalo es una institución que brinda el servicio y atención al cliente por lo que es importante que el personal administrativo tenga conocimiento de las bases de como prestar un servicio y atención de calidad. En la presente tesis se aplicó el tipo de investigación descriptiva con la finalidad de obtener información de las encuestas aplicadas en la empresa municipal de agua potable y alcantarillado de Otavalo EMAPAO - EP, con el objetivo de determinar la situación actual de la empresa y resolver la problemática que existe con respecto al mal servicio y atención de los empleados hacia los cliente, de tal manera se expone tres tipos de métodos para el desarrollo de esta investigación el deductivo, analítico y descriptivo, donde las técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos fue una encuesta y una entrevista estas fueron procesadas y tabuladas, la población se obtuvo realizando mediante una muestra del estudio, la cual tiene más de ciento veinte clientes diarios que pertenece a la empresa. Se realizo un manual de mejoramiento del servicio y atención al cliente para el personal administrativo de la empresa municipal de agua potable y alcantarillado de Otavalo EMAPAO – EP. En conclusión, el personal administrativo debe establecer y determinar el nivel de servicio y atención al cliente que está prestando al usuario, siempre dando un adecuando servicio, guiándose en las normas básicas de atención al cliente.Licenciatur

Analysis of relationships between the use of visual display terminals, craniocervical angle and physical activity: A pilot study

Grounds: The neck posture alterations can cause cervical pain and implicitly produce changes in the neck movement patterns, resulting in a greater risk of musculoskeletal disorders of the neck. The forward head position implies bending of the lower cervical spine and extension of the upper cervical spine. This is a common clinical observation in patients who have a sore neck and shoulders. The main objective of the study is to identify the relationship between the posture, the use of visual display units and physical activity in young adults. Method: This is a descriptive correlational study with a crossover design, with a sample of 26 university students. Data were collected from an ad-hoc questionnaire, physical activity habits questionnaire (SHRI) and a photogrammetry test processed by the postural assessment software (PAS). Results: Statistically significant differences were obtained between physical activity and the craniocervical angle (p = .007) and between the performance of physical activity of students pursuing different university degrees (p = .000). Conclusions: The practice of physical activity of moderate intensity can be a preventive factor for the forward head position

Faltas disciplinarias del defensor de familia en el proceso de restablecimiento de derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes

La Constitución Política de 1991 establece que Colombia es un Estado Social de Derecho. Para ello, cuenta con una estructura establecida a fin de cumplir con sus objetivos constitucionales, así como un equipo de servidores públicos y colaboradores que garantizan tanto los derechos como las obligaciones constitucionales de los gobernados. El rol que cumple el Estado ha de concretarse en este caso, en lo concerniente a los Defensores de Familia, a las disposiciones contenidas en la Carta Política de 1991, especialmente los postulados de los artículos 44 y 209 y al desarrollo que de ellos hace el Código de la Infancia y Adolescencia, ley 1098 de 2006 y los reglamentos internos del I.C.B.F., concordantes con el bloque de constitucionalidad. El Defensor de Familia es el funcionario por excelencia garante de los derechos de los menores de edad y la familia, se encuentra investido de facultades que le permiten abordar la problemática que se expone en el presente documento y es quien está en la obligación de adoptar las soluciones que emergen del entorno familiar, la sociedad y el Estado, donde se encuentran involucrados los infantes y adolescentes, sin desconocer a otros servidores públicos a quienes el Código de Infancia y Adolescencia otorga roles y funciones de protección a los menores de edad y su entorno familiar.The Political Constitution of 1991 establishes that Colombia is a Social State of Law. For this, it has a structure established in order to comply with its constitutional objectives, as well as a team of public servants and collaborators that guarantee both the rights and the constitutional obligations of the governed. The role played by the State must be concretized in this case, as regards the Family Defenders, to the provisions contained in the 1991 Political Charter, especially the postulates of articles 44 and 209 and the development that they make of it. Code of Childhood and Adolescence, law 1098 of 2006 and the internal regulations of the ICBF, concordant with the constitutionality block. The Family Ombudsman is the official par excellence guaranteeing the rights of minors and the family, is vested with faculties that allow him to address the problems that are exposed in this document and who is in the obligation to adopt the solutions that emerge from the family environment, society and the State, where infants and adolescents are involved, without ignoring other public servants to whom the Code of Childhood and Adolescence grants roles and protective functions to minors and their environment family

Humaria setimarginata (Pyronemataceae, Ascomycota), una nueva especie de México

Background and Aims: Humaria (Pyronemataceae, Ascomycota) is an ectomycorrhizal genus of fungi, mainly distributed in temperate forest. It is characterized by cupuliform to discoid apothecia that are covered with abundant hairs throughout the exterior of the brown ascomata, and by ellipsoid, hyaline, warty ascospores. There are 66 accepted species of which only one has been recorded in Mexico. The present study aims to describe a new species of Humaria with morphological, ecological and molecular data, found in Quercus forests from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Methods: The specimens were collected in 2019 in the Victoria municipality, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Description and morphological studies were performed according to traditional mycological techniques. Studied material was deposited in the José Castillo Tovar Mycological Herbarium of the Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria (ITCV) and the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Herbarium (ENCB) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using ITS and LSU sequences of the nuclear rDNA. Key results: Humaria setimarginata sp. nov. is described and illustrated. This species is well differentiated by its morphological, molecular and ecological characteristics. It forms typically cupuliform apothecia with straight margin, abundant dark brown colored short hairs at the margin, and a greyish-white hymenium. It presents a dextrinoid reaction in the ectal excipulum in contact with Melzer´s reagent. It grows around Quercus rysophylla and Q. polymorpha in oak forests. Conclusions: Humaria setimarginata is the second species of this genus reported in Mexico, after Humaria hemisphaerica. There are several collections under the name Humaria sp. that need a revision, to expand the diversity knowledge of this genus in this country. It is possible that several species exist, considering that this genus is ectomycorrhizal and the diversity of its potential hosts is high.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Humaria (Pyronemataceae, Ascomycota) es un género de hongos ectomicorrízicos, distribuidos generalmente en bosques templados. Se caracteriza por apotecios cupuliformes a discoides que están cubiertos con abundantes pelos en todo el exterior de los ascomas marrones, y por ascosporas elipsoides, hialinas y verrucosas. Son 66 especies aceptadas de las cuales solo una ha sido registrada en México. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir una nueva especie de Humaria, con datos morfológicos, ecológicos y moleculares, encontrada en el bosque de Quercus de Tamaulipas, México. Métodos: Los ejemplares fueron recolectados en 2019 en el municipio Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. La descripción y los estudios morfológicos se realizaron según las técnicas micológicas tradicionales. El material estudiado fue depositado en el Herbario Micológico José Castillo Tovar del Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria (ITCV) y en el Herbario de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Los análisis filogenéticos se realizaron utilizando secuencias ITS y LSU del ADNr nuclear. Resultados clave: Humaria setimarginata sp. nov. se describe e ilustra. Esta especie se diferencia bien por características morfológicas, moleculares y ecológicas. Forma un apotecio típicamente cupuliforme, con margen recto, abundantes pelos cortos color marrón oscuro en el margen y un himenio blanco grisáceo. Presenta una reacción dextrinoide en el excípulo ectal en contacto con el reactivo Melzer. Crece alrededor de Quercus rysophylla y Q. polymorpha en bosques de encino. Conclusiones: Humaria setimarginata es la segunda especie de este género que se reporta para México, después de Humaria hemisphaerica. Hay varias colecciones bajo el nombre de Humaria sp. que necesitan una revisión, para ampliar el conocimiento de la diversidad de este género en el país. Es posible que existan varias especies, considerando que este género es ectomicorrícico y la diversidad de sus hospedantes potenciales es alta

A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine

[EN] Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC-DC-AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the paper.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports-reference FPU16/04282.García-Sánchez, TM.; Mishra, AK.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine. Energies. 13(21):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215809S1161321Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436Fernández-Guillamón, A., Sarasúa, J. I., Chazarra, M., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Fernández-Muñoz, D., & Molina-García, Á. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 121, 106044. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044Huber, M., Dimkova, D., & Hamacher, T. (2014). Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements. Energy, 69, 236-246. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.109Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J.-I. (2020). Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. Sustainability, 12(18), 7750. doi:10.3390/su12187750Fernández‐Guillamón, A., Vigueras‐Rodríguez, A., & Molina‐García, Á. (2019). Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(15), 2807-2816. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220Fernández-Guillamón, A., Das, K., Cutululis, N. A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 399. doi:10.3390/jmse7110399Muñoz-Benavente, I., Hansen, A. D., Gómez-Lázaro, E., García-Sánchez, T., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Impact of Combined Demand-Response and Wind Power Plant Participation in Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies, 12(9), 1687. doi:10.3390/en12091687Gil-García, I. C., García-Cascales, M. S., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, A. (2019). 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Sustainability, 7(9), 12693-12708. doi:10.3390/su70912693Nazir, M. S., Wang, Y., Bilal, M., Sohail, H. M., Kadhem, A. A., Nazir, H. M. R., … Ma, Y. (2020). Comparison of Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Economic Indexes. Clean Technologies, 2(2), 144-155. doi:10.3390/cleantechnol2020010García-Sánchez, T., Muñoz-Benavente, I., Gómez-Lázaro, E., & Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Types 1 and 2 Wind Turbines Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies, 13(16), 4078. doi:10.3390/en13164078Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J. I. (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation. Energies, 13(13), 3369. doi:10.3390/en13133369Tiwari, R., Padmanaban, S., & Neelakandan, R. (2017). Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System. 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Quantitative Feedback Theory design of robust MPPT controller for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Design, analysis and experimental study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 35, 308-320. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.002Zhang, X., Huang, C., Hao, S., Chen, F., & Zhai, J. (2016). An Improved Adaptive-Torque-Gain MPPT Control for Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines Considering Wind Farm Turbulences. Energies, 9(11), 977. doi:10.3390/en9110977Shafiei, A., Dehkordi, B. M., Kiyoumarsi, A., & Farhangi, S. (2017). A Control Approach for a Small-Scale PMSG-Based WECS in the Whole Wind Speed Range. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(12), 9117-9130. doi:10.1109/tpel.2017.2655940Oliveira, T. D., Tofaneli, L. A., & Santos, A. Á. B. (2020). Combined effects of pitch angle, rotational speed and site wind distribution in small HAWT performance. 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Performance Improvement for Small-Scale Wind Turbine System Based on Maximum Power Point Tracking Control. Energies, 12(20), 3938. doi:10.3390/en12203938Aubrée, R., Auger, F., Macé, M., & Loron, L. (2016). Design of an efficient small wind-energy conversion system with an adaptive sensorless MPPT strategy. Renewable Energy, 86, 280-291. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.091Lopez-Flores, D. R., Duran-Gomez, J. L., & Chacon-Murguia, M. I. (2020). A Mechanical Sensorless MPPT Algorithm for a Wind Energy Conversion System based on a Modular Multilayer Perceptron and a Processor-in-the-Loop Approach. Electric Power Systems Research, 186, 106409. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106409Urtasun, A., Sanchis, P., San Martín, I., López, J., & Marroyo, L. (2013). Modeling of small wind turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power tracking. Renewable Energy, 55, 138-149. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.035Kot, R., Rolak, M., & Malinowski, M. (2013). Comparison of maximum peak power tracking algorithms for a small wind turbine. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 91, 29-40. doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2013.03.010Muhsen, H., Al-Kouz, W., & Khan, W. (2019). Small Wind Turbine Blade Design and Optimization. Symmetry, 12(1), 18. doi:10.3390/sym12010018Qi, Z., & Lin, E. (2012). Integrated power control for small wind power system. Journal of Power Sources, 217, 322-328. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.039Doll, C. N. H., & Pachauri, S. (2010). Estimating rural populations without access to electricity in developing countries through night-time light satellite imagery. Energy Policy, 38(10), 5661-5670. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.014Zhang, S., & Qi, J. (2011). Small wind power in China: Current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2457-2460. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.009Rehman, S., & Sahin, A. Z. (2012). 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Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips

[EN] Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union -FEDER Funds, ENE2016-78214-C2-1-R-; and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports -ref. FPU16/04282-.García-Sánchez, TM.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies. 13(16):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164078S1191316Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. 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